Personnel and Training Required

No specific training is needed if data are collected through a self-administered questionnaire. If interviewers administer the questionnaire, the interviewer must be trained to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population and found competent to administer these particular questions (i.e., tested by an expert) at the completion of this training. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "don't know" response is provided.

Equipment Needs

The PhenX Working Group acknowledges these questions can be administered in a computerized or noncomputerized format (i.e., paper-and-pencil instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted instruments. The interviewer will require a laptop computer/handheld computer to administer a computer-assisted questionnaire.

Requirements

Mode of Administration

Interviewer-administered questionnaire

Lifestage

Infant, Toddler, Child, Adolescent, Adult, Senior, Pregnancy

Participants

A person age 18 years or older who can provide information about family members who live in the household.

Selection Rationale

Education is correlated with occupation and income, which taken together are useful epidemiologic predictors of health status. Vetted against education questions found in other instruments, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) question was selected because it included the most comprehensive list of response categories.

Language

English, Other languages available at source

Standards

Derived Variables

None

Process and Review

Not applicable

Protocol Name from Source

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Demographics Module, 2019-2020

Source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Demographics Module, 2019–2020. Atlanta, GA: Author. Question number: DMQ.141.

General References

Adamsen, C., Schroeder, S., LeMire, S., & Carter, P. (2018). Education, Income, and Employment and Prevalence of Chronic Disease Among American Indian/Alaska Native Elders. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15(E37), Article 170387.

Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Fakhouri, T.H., Hales, C.M., Fryar, C.D., Li, X., & Freedman, D.S. (2018). Prevalence of Obesity Among Youths by Household Income and Education Level of Head of Household — United States 2011–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(6):186–189.

Vilen, L., Cleveland, R.J., Callahan, L.F. (2018). Educational Attainment, Health Status, and Program Outcomes in Latino Adults with Arthritis Participating in a Walking Program. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15(E128), Article 180129.

Protocol ID

11002

Variables

Measure Name

Educational Attainment - Individual

Release Date

July 21, 2020

Definition

Question asking the respondent for his or her highest educational attainment at the current time.

Purpose

Education is correlated to occupation and income and is one of the key components of combined measures of "socioeconomic status."

Keywords

Demographics, National Center for Health Statistics, NCHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, education, school, college, university, graduate, student, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES, SES Measures (income, education, occupation), Demographics-Populations with HD

Measure Protocols

Publications

Lu, K. H., Xiao, Y., Akhtar, A., Tapia, J., Tribby, C. P., Vien, P., Boucher, N., Pete, T., Kadar, D. M., Rosales, V., Lee, C., Lau, W. Y., Yueng, S., Macalintal, J., Yang, J. A., Jankowska, M., Wong, C. W., and Erhunmwunsee, L. (2026) Neighborhood matters: Predicting lung cancer screening adherence with explainable AI Lung Cancer. 2026 January; 211: 7. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108882

Huynh, M. P., et al. (2025) A conditional indirect effect model of racism and depressive and anxiety symptoms by ethnicity among Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine. 2025 October; 383: 118434. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118434

Crespo, N. C., et al. (2025) COVID Prevention Program: Rationale and methodology of a tailored behavioral intervention to prevent household and community spread of COVID-19 among Latinos. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2025 September; 156: 108046. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2025.108046

Wright, B., et al. (2025) Exploring the Impact of the Caring Contacts Intervention on the Stress and Distress of Veterans and Service Members: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols. 2025 August; 14: e72140. doi: 10.2196/72140

Flores, V. A., et al. (2025) Rationale for a 4-month, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to assess the Feasibility and Efficacy of a Remotely delivered exercise training intervention for Hispanics/Latinos with Multiple Sclerosis (FERLA MS) Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 2025 May; 11(1): 16. doi: 10.1186/s40814-025-01641-5

Tross, S., Laschober, T. C., Paschen-Wolff, M., Ertl, M., Nelson, C. M., Wright, L., Lancaster, C., Feaster, D. J., Monger, M., Toal, P., Fegley, J. P., Meche, D., Hankey, C., Woodhouse, C., Spector, A., Dresser, L., Moran, L., Jelstrom, E., Haynes, L., Shoptaw, S. and Hatch, M. A. (2025) Willingness to Use Oral and Long-Acting Injectable PrEP in Substance-Using Men who have Sex with Men (SU-MSM) in High HIV Incidence Southern US Cities: A NIDA Clinical Trials Network Study Aids and Behavior. 2025 April; 29(4): 1192-1204. doi: 10.1007/s10461-024-04594-7

Budd, E. L., et al. (2025) Social Determinants of Health Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Testing and Vaccine Attitudes in a Cross-Sectional Study of Latinx Individuals in Oregon. AJPM Focus. 2025 February; 4(3): 100326. doi: 10.1016/j.focus.2025.100326

Owsley, C., Matthies, D. S., McGwin, G., Edberg, J. C., Baxter, S. L., Zangwill, L. M., Owen, J. P. and Lee, C. S. (2025) Cross-sectional design and protocol for Artificial Intelligence Ready and Equitable Atlas for Diabetes Insights (AI-READI) Bmj Open. 2025 February; 15(2): 10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097449

Leininger, B., Evans, R., Greco, C. M., Hanson, L., Schulz, C., Schneider, M., Connett, J., Keefe, F., Glick, R. M. and Bronfort, G. (2025) Supported biopsychosocial self-management for back-related leg pain: a randomized feasibility study integrating a whole person perspective Chiropractic & Manual Therapies. 2025 February; 33(1): 25. doi: 10.1186/s12998-025-00570-7

Aguilar-Palma, S. K., et al. (2025) Characteristics influencing COVID-19 testing and vaccination among Spanish-speaking Latine persons in North Carolina PLoS ONE. 2025 January; 20(1): e0317794-e0317794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317794

Bart, G., et al. (2024) Exemplar Hospital Initiation Trial to Enhance Treatment Engagement (EXHIT ENTRE): protocol for CTN-0098 an open-label randomized comparative effectiveness trial of extended-release buprenorphine versus treatment as usual on post-hospital treatment engagement for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2024 December; 19(1): 11. doi: 10.1186/s13722-024-00510-5

Levites Strekalova, Y. A., et al. (2024) Policy instruments for the governance of the social drivers of health data in clinical and research settings: a policy mapping brief Front Public Health. 2024 November; 12: 1369790. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1369790

Afshar, M., et al. (2024) Machine Learning-Driven Analysis of Individualized Treatment Effects Comparing Buprenorphine and Naltrexone in Opioid Use Disorder Relapse Prevention Journal of Addiction Medicine. 2024 September; 18(5): 511-519. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001313

Zamarripa, K., et al. (2024) Strengthening the Voices of Hispanic/ Latine Immigrants Managing Chronic Disease: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Perspectives of Health Healthcare. 2024 July; 12(15): 1519. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12151519

Ba, D. M., et al. (2024) Navigation-Based Telehealth Informed Decision-Making for Prostate Cancer Screening in Black Men. Current Oncology. 2024 June; 31(7): 3698-3712. doi: 10.3390/curroncol31070273

Levites Strekalova, Y. A., et al. (2024) Application of the Delphi method to the development of common data elements for social drivers of health: A systematic scoping review. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2024 June; 14(7): 426-433. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibae020

Klein, E. G., et al. (2024) A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Quitline Vaping Cessation Intervention: Baseline Characteristics of Young Adult Exclusive E-Cigarette Users Seeking Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024 June; 21(6): 809. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21060809

McCurry, K., et al. (2024) Data-driven, generalizable prediction of adolescent sleep disturbances in the multisite Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Sleep. 2024 June; 47(6). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsae048

Burnett-Bowie, S. A. M., et al. (2024) The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Task Force on clinical algorithms for fracture risk report. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2024 May; 39(5): 517-530. doi: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae048

Kosyluk, K., et al. (2024) Mental Distress, Label Avoidance, and Use of a Mental Health Chatbot: Results From a US Survey. JMIR Formative Research. 2024 April; 8(17). doi: 10.2196/45959

Hatch, M. A., et al. (2024) PrEP for people who use opioids: A NIDA clinical trials network survey study in Southern US cities where HIV incidence is high. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2024 April; 257(9). doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111133

Bartholomew, T. S., et al. (2024) Project CHARIOT: study protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study of comprehensive tele-harm reduction for engagement of people who inject drugs in HIV prevention services Addiction Science & Clinical Practice. 2024 March; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s13722-024-00447-9

Cleverley, K., et al. (2024) The Toronto Adolescent and Youth Cohort Study: Study Design and Early Data Related to Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms, Functioning, and Suicidality. Biological Psychiatry-Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2024 March; 9(3): 253-264. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.011

Dahl, A., et al. (2024) Genetic and brain similarity independently predict childhood anthropometrics and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2024 February; 65(1). doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101339

Cuca, Y. P., et al. (2024) The Social, Mental, and Physical Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People With HIV: Protocol of an Observational International Multisite Study Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2024 January; 35(1): 60-74. doi: 10.1097/JNC.0000000000000444

Sharma, P., et al. (2023) A Christian Faith-Based Facebook Intervention for Smoking Cessation in Rural Communities (FAITH-CORE): Protocol for a Community Participatory Development Study JMIR Research Protocols. 2023 December; 12: e52398. doi: 10.2196/52398

Markland, A. D., et al. (2023) Optimizing remote access to urinary incontinence treatments for women veterans (PRACTICAL): Study protocol for a pragmatic clinical trial comparing two virtual care options Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2023 October; 133: 107328. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107328

Trifan, G., et al. (2023) Association of Unfavorable Social Determinants of Health With Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack and Vascular Risk Factors in Hispanic/Latino Adults: Results From Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Journal of Stroke. 2023 September; 25(3): 361-370. doi: 10.5853/jos.2023.00626

Crusan, A., et al. (2023) Using Community-Based Participatory Research Methods to Inform the Development of Medically Tailored Food Kits for Hispanic/Latine Adults with Hypertension: A Qualitative Study. Nutrients. 2023 August; 15(16): 3600. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163600

Lee, R. E., et al. (2023) Acceptability and Feasibility of Saliva-delivered PCR Coronavirus 2019 Tests for Young Children. Pediatrics. 2023 July; 152(1). doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060352D

Bart, T. A., et al. (2023) Measurement invariance of commonly used psychosis-screening scales in US Spanish- and English-speaking Hispanic participants. Psychological Assessment. 2023 April; 35(4): 300-310. doi: 10.1037/pas0001207

Markatou, M., O. Kennedy, M. Brachmann, R. Mukhopadhyay, A. Dharia, and A. H. Talal (2023) Social Determinants of Health Derived from People with Opioid Use Disorder: Improving Data Collection, Integration and Use with Cross-Domain Collaboration and Reproducible, Data-Centric, Notebook-Style Workflows Front Med . 2023 March; 10. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1076794

Mercincavage, M., et al. (2023) Effects of advertising features on smokers' and non-smokers' perceptions of a reduced nicotine cigarette modified risk tobacco product. Tobacco Control. 2023 January; 32(1): 6-12. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056441

Chan, N. W., et al. (2022) Social determinants of health data in solid organ transplantation: National data sources and future directions. Am J Transplant. 2022 October; 22(10): 2293-2301. doi: 10.1111/ajt.17096

Charron, E., et al. (2022) Pain Severity and Interference and Substance Use Among Community Pharmacy Patients Prescribed Opioids: A Secondary Analysis of the PHARMSCREEN Study. Journal of Pain. 2022 August; 23(8): 1448-1459. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.03.238

Korn, A. R., C. Walsh-Bailey, M. Pilar, B. Sandler, P. Bhattacharjee, W. T. Moore, R. C. Brownson, K. M. Emmons, and A. Y. Oh. (2022) Social Determinants of Health and Cancer Screening Implementation and Outcomes in the USA: A Systematic Review Protocol. Syst Rev. 2022 June; 11(1). doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-01995-4

Brown, J. L., et al. (2022) Associations between elevated depressive symptoms and substance use, prescription opioid misuse, overdose history, pain, and general health among community pharmacy patients prescribed opioids. Substance Abuse. 2022 May; 43(1): 1110-1115. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2060450

Brown, L. D., et al. (2022) Addressing Hispanic Obesity Disparities Using a Community Health Worker Model Grounded in Motivational Interviewing. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2022 February; 36(2): 259-268. doi: 10.1177/08901171211049679

Loring, D. W., et al. (2022) Rationale and Design of the National Neuropsychology Network. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2022 January; 28(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000199

Purvis, R. S., et al. (2021) Trusted Sources of COVID-19 Vaccine Information among Hesitant Adopters in the United States. Vaccines. 2021 December; 9(12): 1418. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121418

Garrison, K. A., et al. (2021) Drinking and Responses to Antidrinking Messages among Young Adults: An fMRI Study. Addiction Biology. 2021 January; 26(1): e12882. doi: 10.1111/adb.12882

FHIR

Click "Export QuestionnaireResponse" after entering data.

Waiting to load form...